Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
Volume 19, Issue 6, Supplement , Pages S27-S36 , June 2008

Follow-up of Endovascular Aneurysm Repair: Plain Radiography, Ultrasound, CT/CT Angiography, MR Imaging/MR Angiography, or What?

Received 1 March 2008 ,Revised 7 March 2008 ,Accepted 7 March 2008.

References 

  1. Parodi JC, Palmaz JC, Barone HD. Transfemoral intraluminal graft implantation for abdominal aortic aneurysmns. Am Vasc Surg. 1991;5:491–499
  2. Zarins CK, White RA, Schwarten D, et al. AneuRx stent graft versus open surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm: multi-center prospective clinical trial. J Vasc Surg. 1999;29:292–305
  3. May J, White GH, Waugh R, et al. Improved survival after endoluminal repair with second-generation prostheses compared with open repair in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a 5-year concurrent comparison using life table method. J Vasc Surg. 2001;33(suppl):S21–S26
  4. Blum U, Voshage G, Lammer J, et al. Endoluminal stent-graft for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:13–20
  5. Harris PL, Vallabhaneni SR, Desgranges P, Becquemin JP, Van Marrewijk C, Laheij RJF. Incidence and risk factors of late rupture, conversion and death after endovascular repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysms the EUROSTAR experience. J Vasc Surg. 2002;29:563–570
  6. Greenhalgh RM. Endovascular aneurysm repair versus open repair in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 1): randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365:2179–2186
  7. Golzarian J, Struyven J. Imaging of complication after endoluminal treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur Radiol. 2001;11:2244–2251
  8. Dorffner R, Thurnher S, Polterauer P, Kretschmer G, Lammer J. Treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms with transfemoral placement of stent-grafts: complications and secondary radiologic intervention. Radiology. 1997;204:79–86
  9. Buth J, Laheij RJ. Early complications and endoleaks after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: report of a multicenter study. J Vasc Surg. 2000;31:134–146
  10. d'Audiffret A, Desgranges P, Kobeiter H, Becquemin JP. Follow-up evaluation of endoluminally treated abdominal aortic aneurysms with duplex ultrasonography: validation with computed tomography. J Vasc Surg. 2001;33:42–50
  11. Hiramoto JS, Reilly LM, Schneider DB, Sivamurthy N, Rapp JH, Chuter TA. Long-term outcome and reintervention after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair using the Zenith stent graft. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45:461–466
  12. Vallbhaneni SR, Harris PL. Lessons learnt from the EUROSTAR registry on endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Eur J Radiol. 2001;39:34–41
  13. White GH, Yu J, May J. Endoleak—a proposed new terminology to describe incomplete aneurysm exclusion by an endoluminal graft. J Endovasc Surg. 1996;3:L24–L25
  14. Moor WS, Rutherford RB. Transfemoral endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm: results of the North American EVT phase1 trail (EVT Investigators). J Vasc Surg. 1996;23:543–553
  15. Marrewijk CV, Buth J, Harris PL, Norgren L, Nevelsteen A, Wyatt MG. Significance of endoleaks after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms: the EUROSTAR experience. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35:461–473
  16. Liewald F, Ermis C, Gorich J, Halter G, Pamler RS, Plassmann LS. Influence of treatment of type II leaks on the aneurysm surface area. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2001;21:339–343
  17. Gelfand DV, White GH, Wilson SE. Clinical significance of type II endoleak after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ann Vasc Surg. 2006;20:69–74
  18. Timaran CH, Ohki T, Rhee SJ, et al. Predicting aneurysm enlargement in patients with persistent type II endoleaks. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39:1157–1162
  19. Buth J, Harris PL, Marrewijk CV. Causes and outcomes of open conversion and aneurysm rupture after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: can type II endoleaks be dangerous?. J Am Coll Surg. 2002;194(suppl 1):S98–S102
  20. Görich J, Rilinger N, Sokiranski R, et al. Leakages after endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms: classification based on findings at CT, angiography, and radiography. Radiology. 1999;213:767–772
  21. Tuerff SN, Rockman CB, Lamparello PJ, Aedlman MA, Jacobowitz GR, Gagne PJ. Are type II (branch vessel) endoleaks really benign?. Ann Vasc Surg. 2002;16:50–54
  22. Vieth FJ, Baum RK, Ohki T, et al. Nature and significance of endoleaks and endotension: summary of opinions expressed at an international conference. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35:1029–1035
  23. Jones JE, Atkins MD, Brewster DC, et al. Persistent type 2 endoleak after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with adverse late outcomes. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46:1–8
  24. Steinmetz E, Rubin BG, Sanchez LA, et al. Type II endoleak after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: a conservative approach with selective intervention is safe and cost-effective. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39:306–313
  25. Stavropoulos SW, Baum RA. Imaging modalities for the detection and management of endoleaks. Semin Vasc Surg. 2004;17:154–160
  26. Makaroun M, Zajko A, Sugimoto H, Eskandari M, Webster M. Fate of endoleaks after endoluminal repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms with the EVT device. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1999;8:185–190
  27. Geller SC. Imaging guidelines for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with endovascular stent grafts. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;14(suppl):S263–S264
  28. Balm R, Kaatee R, Blandkensteijn JD, Mali WPTM, Eikelboom BC. CT-angiography of abdominal aortic aneurysms after transfemoral endovascular aneurysm management. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1996;12:182–188
  29. Wever JJ, Blankensteijn , van Rijn , Broeders IA, Eikelboom , Mali WP. Inter- and intraobserver variability of CT measurements obtained after endovascular repair. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175:1279–1282
  30. Wolf YG, Tillich M, Lee WA, Forgarty J, Zarins CK, Rubin GD. Change in aneurysm volume after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 2002;36:305–309
  31. Fearn S, Lawrence-Brown MM, Semmens JB, Hartley D. Follow-up after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair: the plain radiograph has an essential role in surveillance. J Endovasc Ther. 2003;10:894–901
  32. Hodgson R, McWilliams RG, Simpson A, et al. Migration versus apparent migration: Importance of error due to positioning variation in plain radiographic follow-up of aortic stent-grafts. J Endovasc Ther. 2003;10:902–910
  33. Murphy M, Hodgson R, Harris PL, McWilliams RG, Hartley DE, Lawrence-Brown MM. Plain radiographic surveillance of abdominal aortic stent-grafts: the Liverpool/Perth protocol. J Endovasc Ther. 2003;10:911–912
  34. Sampaio SM, Panneton JM, Mozes G, et al. AneuRx device migration: incidence, risk factors, and consequences. Ann Vasc Surg. 2005;19:178–185
  35. Wilmink AB, Forshaw M, Quick CR, Hubbard CS, Day NE. Accuracy of serial screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm by ultrasound. J Med Screen. 2002;9:125–127
  36. Ederle FA, Wilson SE, Johnson GR, et al. Variability in measurement of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 1995;21:945–952
  37. Singh K, Bønaa KH, Solberg S, Sørlie DG, Bjørk L. Intra- and interobserver variability in ultrasound measurements of abdominal aortic diameter (The Tromsø Study). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1998;15:497–504
  38. Sprouse LR, Meier GH, Parent FN, DeMasi RJ, Glickman MH, Barber GA. Is ultrasound more accurate than axial computed tomography for determination of maximal abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter?. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004;28:28–35
  39. Sun Z. Diagnostic value of color duplex ultrasonography in the follow-up of endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;17:759–764
  40. Heilberger P, Schunn C, Ritter W, Weber S, Reithel D. Postoperative color flow duplex scanning in aortic endografting. J Endovasc Surg. 1997;4:262–271
  41. Sato DT, Godd CD, Gregory RT, et al. Endoleak after aortic stent graft repair: diagnosis by color duplex ultrasound scan versus computed tomography scan. J Vasc Surg. 1998;28:657–663
  42. Thompson MM, Boyle JR, Hartshorn T, et al. Comparison of computed tomography and duplex imaging in assessing aortic morphology following endovascular aneurismal repair. Br J Surg. 1998;85:346–350
  43. Fletcher J, Saker K, Batiste P, Dyer S. Color Doppler diagnosis of perigraft flow following endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Int Angiol. 2000;19:326–330
  44. Zannetti S, De Rango P, Parente B, et al. A. Role of duplex scan in endoleak detection after endoluminal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Eur J Vasc Enovasc Surg. 2000;19:531–535
  45. Wolf YG, Johnson BL, Hill BB, Rubin GD, Fogarty TJ, Zarins CK. Duplex ultrasound scanning versus computed tomography for postoperative evaluation of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg. 2000;32:1142–1148
  46. d'Audiffret A, Desgranges P, Kobeiter H, Becquemin JP. Follow-up evaluation of endoluminally treated abdominal aortic aneurysms with duplex ultrasonography: validation with computed tomography. J Vasc Surg. 2001;33:42–50
  47. McLafferty RB, McCrary BS, Mattos MA, et al. The use of color-flow duplex scan for the detection of endoleaks. J Vasc Surg. 2002;36:100–104
  48. Bendick PJ, Bove PG, Long GW, et al. Efficacy of ultrasound scan contrast agents in the non-invasive follow-up of aortic stent grafts. J Vasc Surg. 2003;37:381–385
  49. Collins JT, Boros MJ, Combs K. Ultrasound surveillance of endovascular aneurysm repair: a safe modality versus computed tomography. Ann Vasc Surg. 2007;21:671–675
  50. McWilliams RG, Martin J, White D, Gould DA, Rowlands PC, Haycox A. Detection of endoleak with enhanced ultrasound imaging: comparison with biphasic computed tomography. J Endovasc Ther. 2002;9:170–179
  51. Raman KG, Missig-Carroll N, Richardson T, Muluk SC, Makaroun MS. Color-flow duplex ultrasound scan versus computed tomographic scan in the surveillance of endovascular aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg. 2003;38:645–651
  52. Elkouri S, Panneton JM, Andrews JC, et al. Computed tomography and ultrasound in follow-up of patients after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ann Vasc Surg. 2004;18:271–279
  53. AbuRahma AF, Welch CA, Mullins BB, Dyer B. Computed tomography versus color duplex ultrasound for surveillance of abdominal aortic stent-grafts. J Endovasc Ther. 2005;12:568–573
  54. Standford RM, Bown MJ, Fishwick G, et al. Duplex ultrasound scanning is reliable in the detection of endoleak following endovascular aneurysm repair. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;32:537–541
  55. Ashoke R, Brown LC, Rodway A, et al. Color duplex ultrasonography is insensitive for the detection of endoleak after aortic endografting: a systematic review. J Endovasc Ther. 2005;12:297–305
  56. Parent FN, Meier GH, Godziachvili V, et al. The incidence and natural history of type I and II endoleak: a 5-year follow-up assessment with 1 color duplex ultrasound scan. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35:474–481
  57. Malina M, Länne T, Ivancev K, Lindblad B, Brunkwall J. Reduced pulsatile wall motion of abdominal aortic aneurysms after endovascular repair. J Vasc Surg. 1998;27:624–631
  58. Lindblad B, Dias N, Malina M, et al. Pulsatile wall motion (PWM) measurements after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm exclusion are not useful in the classification of endoleak. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004;28:623–628
  59. Sonesson B, Sandgren T, Lanne T. Abdominal aortic aneurysm wall mechanics and their relation to risk of rupture. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1999;18:487–493
  60. Stavropoulos SW, Marin H, Fairman RM, et al. Recurrent endoleak detection and measurement of aneurysm size with CTA after coil embolization of endoleaks. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16:1313–1317
  61. Correas JM, Bridal L, Lesavre A, Mejean A, Claudon M, Helenon O. Ultrasound contrast agents: properties, principles of action, tolerance, and artifacts. Eur Radiol. 2001;11:1316–1328
  62. Giannoni MF, Palombo G, Sbarigia E, Speziale F, Zaccaria A, Fiorani P. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging for aortic stent-graft surveillance. J Endovasc Ther. 2003;10:208–217
  63. Napoli V, Bargellini I, Sardella SG, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: contrast-enhanced US for missed endoleaks after endoluminal repair. Radiology. 2004;233:217–225
  64. Henao EA, Hodge MD, Felkai DD, et al. Contrast-enhanced duplex surveillance after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: Improved efficacy using a continuous infusion technique. J Vasc Surg. 2006;43:259–264
  65. Armerding MD, Rubin GD, Beaulieu CF, et al. Aortic aneurysmal disease: assessment of stent-graft treatment-CT versus conventional angiography. Radiology. 2000;215:138–146
  66. Rozenblit A, Marin ML, Veith FJ, Cynamon J, Wahl SI, Bakal CW. Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm: value of postoperative follow-up with helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;165:1473–1479
  67. Gorich J, Rilinger N, Sokiranski R, et al. Leakages after endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms: classification based on findings at CT, angiography, and radiography. Radiology. 1999;213:767–772
  68. Wicky S, Fan CM, Geller SC, Greenfield A, Santilli J, Waltman AC. MR angiography of endoleak with inconclusive concomitant CT angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:736–738
  69. Stavropoulos SW, Clark TW, Carpenter JP, et al. Use of CT angiography to classify endoleaks after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16:663–667
  70. Sawhney R, Kerlan RK, Wall SD, et al. Analysis of initial CT findings after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Radiology. 2001;220:157–160
  71. Golzarian J, Dussaussois L, Abada HT, et al. Helical CT of aorta after endoluminal stent-graft therapy: value of biphasic acquisition. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171:329–331
  72. Lezzi R, Cotroneo AR, Fillippone A, et al. Multidetector CT in abdominal aortic aneurysm treated with endovascular repair: are unenhanced and delayed phase enhanced images effective for endoleak detection?. Radiology. 2006;241:915–921
  73. Kirby JM, Jhaveri KS, Kachura JR. Computed tomography angiography in abdominal aortic endoleaks: what is the optimal protocol?. Can J Assoc Radiol. 2007;58:264–271
  74. Stavropoulos SW, Charagundla SR. Imaging techniques for detection and management of endoleaks after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. Radiology. 2007;243:641–655
  75. Macari LM, Chandarana H, Schmidt B, Lee J, Lamparello P, Babb J. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: can the arterial phase at CT evaluation after endovascular repair be eliminated to reduce radiation dose?. Radiology. 2006;241:908–914
  76. LinksIezzi R, Cotroneo AR, Filippone A, Di Fabio F, Santoro M, Storto ML. MDCT angiography in abdominal aortic aneurysm treated with endovascular repair: diagnostic impact of slice thickness on detection of endoleaks. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189:1414–1420
  77. Stavropoulos SW, Marin H, Fairman RM, et al. Recurrent endoleak detection and measurement of aneurysm size with CTA after coil embolization of endoleaks. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16:1313–1317
  78. Martin ML, Dolmatch BI, Fry PD, Machan LS. Treatment of type II endoleaks with Onyx. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001;12:629–632
  79. Maldonado TS, Rosen RJ, Rockman CB, et al. Initial successful management of type I endoleak after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair with n-butyl cyanoacrylate adhesive. J Vasc Surg. 2003;38:664–670
  80. Dorffner R, Thurnher S, Youssefzaden S, et al. Spiral CT angiography in the assessment of abdominal aortic aneurysms after stent grafting: value of maximum intensity projections. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1997;21:472–477
  81. Weiger S, Tombach B, Maintz D, et al. Thoracic aortic stent graft: comparison of contrast-enhanced MR angiography and CT angiography in the follow-up—initial results. Eur Radiol. 2003;13:1628–1634
  82. Ayuso JR, de Caralt TM, Pages M, et al. MRA is useful as a follow-up technique after endovascular repair of aortic aneurysm with nitinol endoprostheses. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004;20:803–810
  83. Haulon S, Willoteaux S, Koussa M, Gaxotte V, Beregi JP, Warembourg H. Diagnosis and treatment of type II endoleak after stent placement for exclusion of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ann Vasc Surg. 2001;15:148–154
  84. Insko EK, Kulzer LM, Fairman RM, Carpenter JP, Stavropoulos SW. MR imaging for the detection of endoleaks in recipients of abdominal aortic stent grafts with low magnetic susceptibility. Acad Radiol. 2003;10:509–513
  85. Cejna M, Loewe C, Schoder M, et al. MR angiography vs CT angiography in the follow-up of nitinol stent grafts in endoluminally treated aortic aneurysms. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:2443–2450
  86. Pitton MB, Schweizer H, Herber S, et al. MRI versus helical CT for endoleak detection after endovascular aneurysm repair. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185:1275–1281
  87. van der Laan MJ, Bartels LW, Viergever MA, Blankensteijn JD. Computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging of endoleaks after EVAR. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;32:361–365
  88. van der Laan MJ, Bakker CJ, Blankensteijn JD, Bartels LW. Dynamic CE-MRA for endoleak classification after endovascular aneurysm repair. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;31:130–135
  89. Ersoy H, Jacobs P, Kent CK, Prince MR. Blood pool MR angiography of aortic stent-graft endoleak. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182:1181–1186
  90. Lookstein RA, Goldman J, Pukin L, Marin ML. Time-resolved magnetic resonance angiography as a noninvasive method to characterize endoleaks: initial results compared with conventional angiography. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39:27–33
  91. Merkle EM, Klein S, Kramer SC, Wisianowsky C. MR angiographic findings in patients with aortic endoprostheses. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:641–648
  92. Broome DR, Giguis MS, Baron PW, Cottrell AC, Kjelin I, Kirk GA. Gadodiamide-associated nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: why radiologists should be concerned. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189:586–592
  93. Dias NV, Ivancev K, Malina M, et al. Direct intra-aneurysm sac pressure measurement using tip-pressure sensors: in vivo and in vitro evaluation. J Vasc Surg. 2004;40:711–716
  94. Sonesson B, Dias N, Malina M, et al. Intra-aneurysm pressure measurements in successfully excluded abdominal aortic aneurysm after endovascular repair. J Vasc Surg. 2003;37:733–738
  95. Baum RA, Carpenter JP, Cope C, et al. Aneurysm sac pressure measurements after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2001;33:32–41
  96. Ellozy SH, Carroccio A, Lookstein RA, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm sac shrinkage after endovascular aneurysm repair: correlation with chronic sac pressure measurement. J Vasc Surg. 2006;43:2–7
  97. Dias NV, Ivancev K, Resch TA, Malina M, Sonesson B. Endoleaks after endovascular aneurysm repair lead to nonuniform intra-aneurysm sac pressure. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46:197–203
  98. Dias NV, Ivancev K, Malina M, Resch T, Lindblad B, Sonesson B. Intra-aneurysm sac pressure measurements after endovascular aneurysm repair: differences between shrinking, unchanged, and expanding aneurysms with and without endoleaks. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39:1229–1235
  99. Hoppe H, Segall JA, Liem TK, Landry GJ, Kaufman JA. Aortic aneurysm sac pressure measurements after endovascular repair using an implantable remote sensor: initial experience and short-term follow-up. Eur Radiol. 2007;(Epub ahead of print); online DOI 10.1007/s00330-007-0831-7
  100. Chaer RA, Trocciola S, DeRubertis B, et al. Evaluation of the accuracy of a wireless pressure sensor in a canine model of retrograde-collateral (type II) endoleak and correlation with histologic analysis. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44:1306–1313
  101. Xenos ES, Stevens SL, Freeman MB, Pacanowski JP, Cassada DC, Goldman MH. Distribution of sac pressure in an experimental aneurysm model after endovascular repair: the effect of endoleak types I and II. J Endovasc Ther. 2003;10:516–523
  102. Kurosawa K, Ohta H, Sumi M, Ohki . Physiologic monitoring data: will it change our follow-up paradigms?. Semin Vasc Surg. 2007;20:115–120
  103. Ohki T, Ouriel K, Silveira PG, et al. Initial results of wireless pressure sensing for endovascular aneurysm repair: the APEX Trial–Acute Pressure measurement to confirm aneurysm sac EXclusion. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45:236–242
  104. Gawenda M, Heckenkamp J, Zaehringer M, Brunkwall J. Intra-aneurysm sac pressure—the holy grail of endoluminal grafting of AAA. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2002;24:139–145
  105. Hovsepian DM, Siegel BA, Kimbiris G, Sicard GA, Allen BT, Picus D. Tc-99m sulfur colloid scintigraphy for detecting perigraft flow following endovascular aortic aneurysm repair: a feasibility study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1999;22:447–451
  106. Stavropoulos SW, Itkin M, Lakhani P, Carpenter JP, Fairman RM, Alavi A. Detection of endoleaks after endovascular aneurysm repair with use of technetium-99m sulfur colloid and (99m)Tc-labeled red blood cell scans. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;17:1739–1743
  107. Tamarina NA, McMillan WD, Shively VP, Pearce WH. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in aneurysms and normal aorta. Surgery. 1997;122:2264–2271
  108. Lorelli DR, Jean-Caude JM, Fox CJ, et al. Response of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 to conventional abdominal aortic aneurysm repair or endovascular exclusion: implications for endoleak. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35:916–922
  109. Taurino M, Visco V, Raffa S, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity in patients before and after endovascular or surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Vascular. 2004;12:312–317
  110. Eugster T, Huber A, Obeid T, Schwegler I, Gurke L, Stierli P. Aminoterminal prepeptide of type III precollagen and matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 failed to serve as serum markers for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005;29:378–382
  111. Watanabe T, Sato A, Sawai T, et al. The elevated level of circulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms decreased to level equal to those of healthy controls after an aortic repair. Ann Vasc Surg. 2006;20:317–321
  112. Lindholt JS, Vammen S, Fasting H, Henneberg EW, Heickendorff L. The plasma level of matrix metalloproteinase 9 may predict the natural history of small abdominal aortic aneurysm: a preliminary study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2000;20:281–285
  113. Sangiorgi G, D'Averio R, Mauriello A, et al. Plasma levels of metalloproteinases-3 and -9 as markers of successful abdominal aortic aneurysm exclusion after endovascular graft treatment. Circulation. 2001;104(12 suppl 1):I288–I295
  114. Lindholt JS, Jørgensen B, Shi GP, Henneberg EW. Relationships between activators and inhibitors of plasminogen, and the progression of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003;25:546–551
  115. Lindholt JS, Jørgensen B, Fasting H, Henneberg EW. Plasma levels of plasmin-antiplasmin complexes are predictive for small abdominal aortic aneurysms expanding to operation-recommendable sizes. J Vasc Surg. 2001;34:611–615

 Neither of the authors has identified a conflict of interest.

PII: S1051-0443(08)00282-0

doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2008.03.009

Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
Volume 19, Issue 6, Supplement , Pages S27-S36 , June 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution